妊娠需要纤溶和血栓形成之间的平衡,这是动态的,通过妊娠使凝血功能在妊娠晚期达到最大化[
PAI-1基因启动子区具有特征明显的多态性,特别是4G插入/5G缺失多态性,增强了PAI-1的转录[
早发子痫前期对围产期发病率和死亡率的影响是不均衡的[
尽管机械途径和增加PAI-1水平,导致先兆子痫和RPL,用于测试PAI-1的生物合理性目前不推荐。此外,存在关于治疗模式数据的缺乏,如果升高水平被发现。我们提出增强我们的先兆子痫的危险因素的认识和阐述依诺肝素对那些已经存在的升高PAI-1水平的一种可能的治疗策略的情况下。签署知情同意书。
A 36-year-old gravida 6, para 1-1-3-1 nonsmoker with a history of chronic hypertension not on antihypertensive medication, migraines, obesity with a BMI of 43 kg/m2在妊娠8周时,双绒毛膜双胎出现哮喘。由于她目前没有伴侣,所以妊娠是在clomid和宫内人工授精(IUI)后进行的。她的第一次怀孕是在怀孕6周时流产的,当时她使用了一个独特的精子捐献者。妊娠2是通过宫内节育器(IUI)孕育的,并伴有一对消失的双胞胎和子痫前期的发展,伴有严重的特征(肺水肿),需要在妊娠31周和4天时进行初级下横向剖宫产。胎盘病理显示明显的绒毛过度成熟,蜕膜血管未转化,多发胎盘梗死。妊娠3期是通过人工授精(IUI)孕育的,并伴有VACTERL综合征的诊断。在怀孕期间,她服用了小剂量的阿司匹林,最后服用了拉贝洛尔。她在37周时因为恶化的慢性高血压和IUGR再次接受了剖腹产手术,胎盘病理学显示胎盘梗死和单个脐动脉。在此期间,她的血压明显升高;然而,她并没有被分娩小组认为患有子痫前期,镁也没有被启动。 On day of life 5, there was a neonatal demise due to surgical complications from a bowel obstruction. Gravidas 4 and 5 were early miscarriages. Her family history was relevant for a mother who had two miscarriages and cardiovascular disease.
她接受了孕前咨询血液学。She was tested for inherited thrombophilias and found to have an increased PAI-1 antigen level to 64 ng/mL (normal 4-43 ng/mL). Testing for Factor V Leiden mutation, Prothrombin Gene mutation, Protein C, Protein S, and Antithrombin III deficiency were negative. Additional workup included normal antiphospholipid antibody syndrome testing, thyroid studies, hemoglobin A1c, and hysterosalpingogram. Due to her elevated PAI-1 and history of poor perinatal outcomes, prophylactic enoxaparin was suggested by hematology. She was maintained on aspirin 81 mg starting at 12 weeks and enoxaparin 40 mg subcutaneously daily starting at the time of her positive pregnancy test after significant discussion with maternal-fetal medicine regarding her history and the hematology consultation. She had normal baseline kidney function, liver function, and no chronic proteinuria. Her antenatal course was uncomplicated apart from presenting at 31 weeks with a headache and elevated blood pressure. Labs ruled her out for preeclampsia; she was given betamethasone, started on labetalol 100 mg twice daily, and followed with weekly labs. Her headache improved and was noted to be consistent with her baseline migraines. She underwent repeat cesarean at 36 weeks and 3 days due to preeclampsia without severe features superimposed on chronic hypertension. Infants weighed 3,046 g and 2,630 g. Interestingly, placental pathology showed a mature dichorionic diamniotic twin placenta, with no vasculopathy and no placental infarction. She received enoxaparin postpartum in the hospital, in the setting of her cesarean section and obesity, but declined to continue treatment for 6 weeks postpartum. She represented on postpartum day 8 with severe range blood pressures and dyspnea with imaging confirming bilateral pulmonary edema. An echocardiogram revealed a normal ejection fraction of 65%. Her labetalol was increased to 400 mg twice daily and she was discharged home on Lasix 20 mg twice daily for 5 days, with full and rapid recovery. She was titrated off labetalol in the subsequent weeks and remained off antihypertensive medications. In context of chronic hypertension and preeclampsia, it was suggested that she could consider continuing aspirin for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.
在1984年,卫满等。是第一个表征增加PAI-1水平与先兆子痫[之间的关联
有研究调查女性先兆子痫PAI-1水平相矛盾的结果:一些没有表现出差异[
证据不足治疗抗凝,以防止女性不良妊娠结局与遗传性血栓形成[
我们提出了一个案例,我们认为它为进一步研究证明依诺肝素对PAI-1水平升高的患者有益提供了依据。我们的病人在怀孕期间服用依诺肝素和阿司匹林,导致妊娠前PAI-1水平升高,有RPL、IUGR和早发性子痫前期病史。尽管在AMA的最新妊娠中出现了新的危险因素,即双胎妊娠、肥胖和慢性高血压,但她出现了子痫前期的延迟发作、正常发育的双胞胎以及胎盘病理学上未见疾病的病理征象。她在产后8天停用抗凝剂后出现了肺水肿,这意味着在产后6周继续使用抗凝剂是有必要的。与之前的妊娠相比,依诺肝素是这次妊娠中唯一的新的管理策略。尽管存在包括肥胖、慢性高血压和抗逆转录病毒治疗的使用在内的混杂因素,但本病例表明,使用依诺肝素和阿司匹林可能是一种适当的策略,适用于PAI-1水平升高的妇女,这些妇女有不良妊娠结局的额外危险因素。婴儿阿司匹林最初使用81毫克每日剂量,这是美国高危患者的标准护理,因为这是本病例报告的位置。然而,作者注意到欧洲的数据表明阿司匹林有剂量依赖的反应,如果使用更高的剂量,可能对降低风险有更深远的影响。如果建议使用更高剂量的婴儿阿司匹林,可能会重新考虑依诺肝素的剂量和治疗方法。
此疗法对早发型先兆子痫和胎儿宫内发育迟缓的含义是未来研究的一个令人兴奋的方向。需要采取进一步的随机对照研究,以确定患者的队列与不良妊娠结局谁也从测试的PAI-1中受益。如果治疗被认为,有关治疗和人口基础需要的成本分析不良事件的真正理解进行调查。此外,为了分离与依诺肝素抗血小板药物需要抗凝的效果。
无论如何,我们有多个新的危险因素,先兆子痫,由她事先风险因素加剧患者,成功进行了36周的妊娠与健康的胎盘和新生儿适当的权重。我们建议筛选PAI-1和讨论关于抗凝可在妇女的不良妊娠结局的风险最高执行,否则有血栓形成倾向的负筛选。如果抗凝被认为是,处理细节,必须阐明包括标准预防或体重调整剂量是否是优选的并且起始和持续时间的最佳时机。
作者报告没有财务或其他性质的利益冲突。