神经病学研究国际

电力和神经学演变同步机汇er the past few centuries. This article looks at their origins and their journey into noninvasive brain stimulation technique of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), which is now popular in neuroscience research.

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背景。Epilepsy is among the most common neurological disorders which is highly treatable with currently available antiepileptic drugs at a reasonable price. In Ethiopia, despite a number of studies revealed high prevalence of epilepsy, little is known on predictors of poorly controlled seizures. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess epilepsy treatment outcome and its predictors among patients with epilepsy on follow-up at the ambulatory care unit of Mizan-Tepi University Teaching Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia.Methods。涉及病人访谈和图审查横断面研究基于医院从3月10日至4月10日进行，2018年的药物使用模式和研究参与者的社会人口数据，已经习惯了描述性统计。向后logistic回归分析来确定差控制癫痫发作的预测。统计显着性被认为在value <0.05.Results。From a total of 143 studied patients with epilepsy, 60.8% had uncontrolled seizures. Monotherapy (79%) was commonly used for the treatment of seizures, of which phenobarbital was the most commonly utilized single anticonvulsant drug (62.9%). The majority (72.7%) of the patients had developed one or more antiepileptic-related adverse effects. Medium medication adherence (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 5.4; 95% CI = 1.52–19.23; ）poor medication adherence (AOR = 8.16; 95% CI = 3.04–21.90; ）head injury before seizure occurrence (AOR = 4.9; 95% CI = 1.25–19.27; ）and seizure attacks ≥4 episodes/week before AEDs initiation (AOR = 8.52; % CI = 2.41–13.45; ）were the predictors of uncontrolled seizure.Conclusions。Based on our findings, more than half of the patients with epilepsy had poorly controlled seizures. Nonadherence to antiepileptic drugs, high frequency of seizure attack before AEDs initiation, and history of a head injury before the occurrence of seizure were predictors of uncontrolled seizure. Patient medication adherence should be increased by the free access of antiepileptic drugs and attention should be given for the patients with a history of head injury and high frequency of seizure attacks before AEDs initiation.

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Introduction。帕金森病（PD）影响个人生活的各个方面，是整个人力和时间异质性。生成的索引（PGI）该患者为生活质量（QOL）的个性化措施，使患者以确定对他们很重要的生活领域。虽然PGI已经在临床和科研环境中的使用潜力巨大，其有效性尚未在PD评估。这项研究的目的是评估如何生活质量的领域，患者的PD提名的PGI同意从标准成果的措施获得的收视率。Methods。PD患者完成了PGI和各种标准的患者报告结果（PRO）措施。该PGI和标准PRO措施在总得分，域和项目水平进行比较。皮尔逊的相关性和独立t-tests were used, as well as positive and negative predictive values.Results。The sample (n = 76) had a mean age of 69 (standard deviation 9) and were predominantly men (59%). The PGI was moderately correlated (r = −0.35) with the standardized disease-specific QOL measure Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-8). Within one severity rating, agreement between the PGI and different standard outcome measures ranged from 85 to 100% for walking, 69 to 100% for fatigue, 38 to 75% for depression, and 20 to 80% for memory/concentration.Conclusion。这项研究表明，在PGI生活质量的提名地区提供可比较的结果标准PRO措施，并支持PD这个个性化的措施的有效性提供了证据。

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Limited, and underutilized, therapeutic options for acute stroke require new approaches to treatment. One such potential approach involves better understanding of innate immune response to brain injury such as acute focal cerebral ischemia. This includes understanding the temporal profile, and specificity, of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling in brain cell types, such as astrocytes, following focal cerebral ischemia. This study evaluated TLR4 signaling, and downstream mediators, in astrocytes, during acute and chronic phases post transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). We also determined whether high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), an endogenous TLR4 ligand, was sufficient to induce TLR4 signaling activation in astrocytesin vivo and in vitro.We injected HMGB1 into normal cortex,in vivo,and stimulated cultured astrocytes with HMGB1,in vitro,and determined TLR4, and downstream mediator, expression by immunohistochemistry. We found that expression of TLR4, and downstream mediators, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), occurs in penumbral astrocytes in acute and chronic phases after focal cerebral ischemia, but was undetectable in cortical astrocytes in the contralateral hemisphere. In addition, cortical injection of recombinant HMGB1 led to a trend towards an almost 2-fold increase in TLR4 expression in astrocytes surrounding the injection site. Consistent with these results,in vitrostimulation of the DI TNC1 astrocyte cell line, with recombinant HMGB1, led to increased TLR4 and iNOS message levels. These findings suggest that HMGB1, an endogenous TLR4 ligand, is an important physiological ligand for TLR4 signaling activation, in penumbral astrocytes, following acute and chronic ischemia and HMGB1 amplifies TLR4 signaling in astrocytes.

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只有缺乏文学关注社会support in Parkinson’s disease (PD) caregivers, and no studies to date have examined resilience in this population, despite both variables having been shown to be important in other caregiving populations. As a result, the purpose of the current study was to construct and validate a theoretical structural equation model whereby social support is associated with higher levels of resilience in PD caregivers and increased resilience is related to decreased mental health symptoms. Two hundred fifty three PD caregivers from two clinics in the United States and Mexico completed self-report measures of these constructs. Results suggested that the hypothesized pattern was robustly supported with the structural equation model showing generally good fit indices. Higher levels of social support were associated with increased resilience, which in turn was associated with reduced mental health symptoms. Resilience partially mediated social support’s effect on mitigating mental health symptoms. The model explained 11% of the variance in resilience and 35% in mental health symptoms. These findings have implications for future research on the development and tailoring of interventions to improve social support, resilience, and mental health in PD caregivers.

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背景。癫痫是最常见的神经系统疾病之一，但多数癫痫病人在撒哈拉以南非洲国家的没有得到适当的治疗。在刚果民主共和国（DRC），特别是在卢本巴希，癫痫很少流行病学研究已经出现。这项研究的目的是分析人口特征，癫痫病发作症状学，他们在患者的病因，随后在医院。Methods。这是一个前瞻性的描述研究，入选177名谁在中心医疗杜中心城（CMDC）在卢本巴希（DRC）从2016年1月1日，进行了神经科会诊，以2017年12月31日，癫痫患者。Results。这些病人的平均年龄为20.0岁（范围：6个月和86年）。该男性为优势（57.1％）。在痉挛发作时的平均年龄为13.1岁，癫痫发作和协商的发病之间的平均时间为83.5个月。癫痫家族史27.7％存在。全身强直 - 阵挛性癫痫发作是最常见的（58.2％），其次是失张力全身癫痫发作（9.6％）和焦阵挛性发作（8.5％）。其病因是在68（38.4％）患者中发现，被囊虫病（26.5％），脑膜炎（25％），围产期疾病（20.6％），和头部损伤（20.6％）为主。Conclusion。This study is a useful starting point from which health programs and health professionals can work to improve the diagnosis and quality of epilepsy management in our community.

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